法律(lv)政策(ce)予以保障(zhang)

日本VOCs的控制對策是法律規定與企業單位自主減排相結合。2004 年5月，日本政府在修訂的《大氣污染防止法》中增加了《VOCs排放規制》一章，并于2005年先后修訂了《大氣污染防止法實施令》（國級令）和《大氣污染防止法實施規則》（部級令）。
川(chuan)(chuan)崎(qi)市(shi)出(chu)臺了(le)(le)(le)《川(chuan)(chuan)崎(qi)市(shi)公害防(fang)止》等(deng)生活環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護相(xiang)(xiang)關條例，規定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應該采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備標準。此外，根據《大氣污染防(fang)止法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)，川(chuan)(chuan)崎(qi)市(shi)也(ye)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)(xing)日(ri)常檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)，對(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)書面(mian)(mian)材料、自(zi)行(xing)(xing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據、設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)進行(xing)(xing)確(que)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。與中(zhong)(zhong)國相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)，日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)對(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)頻次和(he)(he)數(shu)量相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較少，川(chuan)(chuan)崎(qi)市(shi)平均(jun)每年檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)僅為2-3個。例如(ru)，2016年實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)2家企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)（2個設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)），2017年實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)3家企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)（11個設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)），2018年實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)2家企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)（4個設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)內(nei)容包(bao)括書面(mian)(mian)材料確(que)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)（對(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果進行(xing)(xing)確(que)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)）和(he)(he)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)確(que)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，由市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)進行(xing)(xing)VOCs排(pai)(pai)放(fang)量測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。除了(le)(le)(le)法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)外，川(chuan)(chuan)崎(qi)市(shi)還(huan)(huan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)VOCs減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。事實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上，當(dang)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)效果不佳時，重(zhong)新考慮(lv)法(fa)律(lv)監(jian)(jian)管與自(zi)主減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權重(zhong)比(bi)例，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳組合(he)。參與自(zi)主減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)VOCs排(pai)(pai)放(fang)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)法(fa)律(lv)監(jian)(jian)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍更加(jia)廣泛。任何想(xiang)要(yao)削減(jian)(jian)VOCs排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、任何設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)團(tuan)體均(jun)可以(yi)加(jia)入自(zi)主減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)計劃，而不局(ju)限于法(fa)律(lv)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)型，對(dui)(dui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規模同(tong)樣沒有(you)(you)(you)限制(zhi)(zhi)。通(tong)過實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)主減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創新。例如(ru)印(yin)(yin)刷(shua)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，通(tong)過油墨(mo)替換的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)貢獻(xian)為50%左右，末端治理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)約20%，改善(shan)印(yin)(yin)刷(shua)方式（包(bao)括采(cai)用無水異丙醇印(yin)(yin)刷(shua)）為30%左右。從效果來看，在(zai)(zai)這些政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下，VOCs排(pai)(pai)放(fang)得(de)到有(you)(you)(you)效控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，有(you)(you)(you)些企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)2010年比(bi)2000年的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)量降低(di)63%，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大于30%的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標值。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)財政(zheng)(zheng)支援等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)綜合(he)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)VOCs排(pai)(pai)放(fang)。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)還(huan)(huan)通(tong)過稅(shui)制(zhi)(zhi)優待、特別融資(zi)、優先(xian)(xian)采(cai)購、環(huan)境(jing)(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)及表(biao)彰(zhang)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)經(jing)濟激勵政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)推動(dong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)推進VOCs減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)財政(zheng)(zheng)支援制(zhi)(zhi)度。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)為了(le)(le)(le)減(jian)(jian)少進行(xing)(xing)與直(zhi)接利益無關的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨額非收益投資(zi)，減(jian)(jian)輕公害設(she)備投資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負擔(dan)，由政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)系統金融機構作(zuo)為低(di)息(xi)融資(zi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)及能源對(dui)(dui)策(ce)貸(dai)款，對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)是排(pai)(pai)放(fang)煤煙、VOCs的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，以(yi)及產生或(huo)(huo)飛散(san)石(shi)棉的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)規模企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度。為消除消費者和(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)等(deng)終端用戶對(dui)(dui)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疑慮(lv)，同(tong)時普及相(xiang)(xiang)關技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)省推動(dong)第三方機構開展(zhan)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)。環(huan)境(jing)(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)不同(tong)于環(huan)境(jing)(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，具(ju)體反映基于環(huan)境(jing)(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)試驗等(deng)客(ke)觀(guan)性數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)“實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)”。截至2016年10月，日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)已經(jing)開展(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)包(bao)括VOCs治理(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)603項技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)彰(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度。對(dui)(dui)于具(ju)備實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)(xian)進措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及對(dui)(dui)策(ce)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)個人(ren)、開發(fa)出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)效方法(fa)及采(cai)取有(you)(you)(you)效措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)個人(ren)、或(huo)(huo)通(tong)過地區(qu)伙伴而開展(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)效措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)個人(ren)三個條件之一的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)公害防(fang)止方面(mian)(mian)取得(de)顯著功(gong)績的(de)(de)(de)(de)公害防(fang)止管理(li)者、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)等(deng)個人(ren)或(huo)(huo)團(tuan)體當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)，被認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)模范措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)個人(ren)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)彰(zhang)。

地方(fang)政府積(ji)極作為

日本政府在VOCs污染控制中積極宣傳，為企業做好服務工作。日本非常注重環境保護措施的宣傳以及對企業的幫扶指導工作。以川崎市為例，政府會制定不同行業的VOCs削減指南，免費發放給市內的企業。指南中會明確告訴企業夏天氣溫較高，是有機溶劑尤為容易揮發的季節，告知企業可以從哪幾個方面進行VOCs的削減。此外，政府還會免費派遣擁有知識和豐富經驗的專家訪問企業，對企業的VOCs排放削減對策提出建議，以及進行簡易的VOCs測定。
加強與附近城市合作，聯合采取措施應對VOCs污染。夏季的光化學氧化劑會在廣泛范圍內達到高濃度，不能僅靠1個地方政府采取對策。埼玉縣、千葉縣、神奈川縣、橫濱市、川崎市、東京都都共同呼吁采取廣域聯合措施，在夏季削減VOCs排放。川崎市非常重視與附近城市開展合作，目前主要通過兩大機制開展合作：一是由神奈川縣、橫濱市、川崎市組成神奈川縣公害防止推進協議會，主要措施為制定與VOCs減排對策相關的宣傳品，舉辦針對企業的演講會、針對職員的研修會，探討減少Ox的對策措施；二是由九都縣市組成的九都縣市大氣保護專門會議Ox、PM工作組，主要措施為夏季VOCs排放抑制對策普及啟蒙，申請國家預算，查明Ox發生機制以及設定新的削減目標等。企業創新技術管理日本擁有先進的VOCs污染治理技術。企業大量開發創新多種先進技術，企業內部也實現了精細化的管理，切實實現了VOCs減排目標。此次考察拜訪的幾家企業均按照日本最新的污染物控制要求，采用了最新的技術。印刷行業采用的無水印刷技術不僅提高了生產效率，還大幅降低了VOCs的排放。石化行業采用硅膠作為吸附劑，在大大提高吸附效率的同時，也提高了技術安全性（傳統活性炭具有易燃的特點）。此外，日本在餐飲行業使用的臭氣收集裝置，以及日本東京的氫能汽車展覽也令人印象深刻。
企業創(chuang)新(xin)技術管理

日本擁有先進的VOCs污染治理技術。企業大量開發創新多種先進技術，企業內部也實現了精細化的管理，切實實現了VOCs減排目標。此次考察拜訪的幾家企業均按照日本最新的污染物控制要求，采用了最新的技術。印刷行業采用的無水印刷技術不僅提高了生產效率，還大幅降低了VOCs的排放。石化行業采用硅膠作為吸附劑，在大大提高吸附效率的同時，也提高了技術安全性（傳統活性炭具有易燃的特點）。此外，日本在餐飲行業使用的臭氣收集裝置，以及日本東京的氫能汽車展覽也令人印象深刻。
日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)精細(xi)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)程(cheng)度(du)高(gao)。精細(xi)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)始于20世紀50年代，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種以(yi)最大(da)限度(du)地減(jian)少(shao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)所占用(yong)的資源(yuan)和降低管(guan)(guan)理(li)成本(ben)(ben)為(wei)主要(yao)目標(biao)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)方式，目的是(shi)(shi)使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)獲得更(geng)優(you)品(pin)質、更(geng)高(gao)效(xiao)率、更(geng)好(hao)效(xiao)益和更(geng)強競(jing)爭力的管(guan)(guan)理(li)模式，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)此過程(cheng)中實(shi)現(xian)(xian)環境與經(jing)濟的同(tong)(tong)步發(fa)展。此次考察拜訪的日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)也體現(xian)(xian)出日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)精細(xi)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)促進(jin)了企(qi)業(ye)(ye)污染(ran)物的減(jian)排和穩(wen)定達標(biao)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)精細(xi)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)主要(yao)體現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)下幾個方面：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)強化(hua)制度(du)規(gui)范，用(yong)標(biao)準、規(gui)程(cheng)來管(guan)(guan)理(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)、規(gui)范行為(wei)，實(shi)時對不同(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線進(jin)行調度(du)和跟蹤；二是(shi)(shi)所有操(cao)作(zuo)要(yao)求全(quan)部圖表化(hua)上墻，即看即知，可(ke)視化(hua)操(cao)作(zuo)；三是(shi)(shi)強化(hua)全(quan)員學(xue)習培訓(xun)，把員工(gong)(gong)不斷學(xue)習提升作(zuo)為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展的動力；四(si)是(shi)(shi)優(you)化(hua)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)設計，不斷改(gai)善工(gong)(gong)藝和技術、工(gong)(gong)序設計的整流化(hua)、工(gong)(gong)序之(zhi)間(jian)的同(tong)(tong)期化(hua)、操(cao)作(zuo)周期的平準化(hua)，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)均衡生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，減(jian)少(shao)庫存和浪費(fei)。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)整體生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率得到了大(da)幅(fu)度(du)提升，從(cong)全(quan)生(sheng)命周期的角度(du)來看減(jian)少(shao)了能源(yuan)消耗和污染(ran)的排放量。此外，在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)設備周邊(bian)安裝了報(bao)(bao)警(jing)裝置，一(yi)旦VOCs等(deng)濃度(du)超標(biao)，報(bao)(bao)警(jing)裝置會立馬(ma)啟動。